Modern visual restoration operations are high and safe procedures that allow us to eliminate almost any ophthalmical problem.They have been used successfully for several decades, so the methods are developing constantly, expanding and becoming more effective.The improvement of visual functions is achieved by using correction of the corneal, lens, retina and other optical eye system.Properly selected technology not only allows to completely restore vision but also reduce the risk of complications.From the article you will find out what ophthalmical operations exist, indications for use and potential risks.
The types
Thanks to the development of medical hardware methods, visual and minimum invasive procedures are reliable and minimal invasive.Their duration does not exceed several hours, and in the future there is no need for complex rehabilitation measures.The choice of surgical treatment method is chosen depending on the disease, age and general condition of the patient's visual apparatus.
Laser
The most popular type of operation to correct visual acuity.Today these are high tech methods that have high efficiency and minimal risk of complications.They allow you to cope with myopia, distance and astigmatism.After the procedure, visual acuity is held for a long time, and if you follow all the instructions of an ophthalmologist, you can completely avoid repeated intervention.There are several types of laser correction:
- Lasic.The basic type of operation to restore visual acuity.First, the surface layer of the cornea is separated by a microcarerate, and then, using a laser beam, a change in its shape is performed.The main disadvantage of this type of correction is the inability to consider the individual characteristics of the patient's eye anatomy;
- Super Lasik.An advanced version of traditional laside methodology.It allows you to achieve a better result, as it takes into account the structure of the patient's visual system.Used in most modern clinics in the world;
- Female Lasik.A similar type of operation, the only difference being that corneal cutting is not performed by a microcariat, but by a special femo laser.There is an improved version in which the course of surgery depends on the individual characteristics of the patient - super female lasus;
- Epi-class.The mechanism of the procedure is identical to the traditional Lasik method, but such surgery is described only to patients with a diluted (acquired or congenital) cornea;
- PRK (FRK).The refraction of the photo refraction has been realized since 1985. Today is implemented in the presence of contraindications in the usual methods of correction, for example, with a delicate cornea, serious ophthalmic disease.The healing process is always painful, the recovery period lasts longer than in other methods.
Visual correction operations take no more than 15 minutes.After the procedure, wearing a protective sauce for several hours, as well as the insertion of points for 1-2 months, is needed.The risk of complications is minimal, repeated treatment is needed with a significant decrease in vision.
Vitrectomy
This is a procedure for complete or partial removal of the eye glass body.It is performed under general or local anesthesia, in the absence of complications, it passes to 2-3 hours.First, small puncture is done in the outlet of the eye, through which subsequent manipulations are performed.As a rule, this is a cauterization from a laser of the affected areas of the retina, densification of abroad, or restoring the integrity of clothes.The procedure is described for the following problems:
- restoration of visual functions after hemorrhage in the eye tissue;
- Preventing retinal detachment in relation to age;
- Treatment of severe eye retinopathy in which gross wounds or neovascularization occur (vascular germination).
Artificial polymers, gas bubbles, silicone oil or a balanced salt solution are used as a substitute for the glass body.The latter type is most often used, as a repeated surgery is not required in the future - the salt solution is then replaced by intraocular fluid.
After surgery, side effects are possible in the form of corneal swelling, increasing intraocular pressure, or even more vision.Restoration and forecasting depend on the infinity of the lesion, as well as the type of prosthesis when replacing the glass body.If there are irreversible changes in the optical nerve, then correction of vision is almost impossible.
Scleroplasty
A common ophthalmical procedure aimed at strengthening the external eye shell (sclera).Is described not to correct visual functions, but to stabilize the degree of myopia to the patient from the risk group.It is recommended to be performed by adolescents suffering from this problem, as at this age the shape of the eye is actively changing.
During surgery, the required amount of flaps of material to strengthen the sclera is presented behind the back wall of the eye.Polymers or biological ingredients are usually used.After that, a stroke occurs with the outer shell of the eye, and after a few months the blood vessels needed to maintain visual functions grow on the fabric.There is a simplified version of scleroplasty.It is a presentation of an artificial or biological substance to the eye of the eye.The mechanism of action in such a technology is identical - preventing the growth of the eye.
Scleroplasty
This is a well -established operation that practically does not change over the years.It is performed in most clinics.There was practically no side effects, with the exception of possible allergies to the drug.A second operation is usually required.
The replacement of lenses
The necessary operation, which is described during clouding or any other degenerative process in the lens, for example, cataracts.Treatment is always forced, but the implant is selected individually, depending on the age, gender and severity of pathological changes in the eye.Crystal replacement is described in the following cases:
- high degrees of myopia and foresight;
- Significant decrease in refraction;
- Regenerative processes in the eye, age -related decrease in vision;
- Inability to restore laser vision;
- cataract;
- The probability of developing glaucoma against a backdrop of a systemic or ophthalmic disease.
The procedure always takes place under local anesthesia.During surgery, the surgeon makes a small cut with a laser, after which the patient's lenses are diluted with a special tool and removes it from the eye.After that, a prepared transplant is installed.The intervention takes no more than 25 minutes, subsequent stitches and hospital recovery is not required.
The operation is performed in most private and state clinics.There are usually no complications after manipulation, but subsequent correction of laser vision is often described.In rare cases, a new lens is needed.
Keratoplastic (corneal replacement)
One of the most modern and complex ophthalmistic operations, which is accompanied by a lot of risk and requires a high qualification of the surgeon.It is required to restore the anatomical integrity and physiological functions of the cornea.Is described for the treatment of congenital or acquired defects obtained as a result of injuries or diseases.The healthy transplant fabric is obtained only in donors, but the development of artificial replacement is performed in many places.Keratoplasty is recommended to solve the following problems:
- Treatment of corneal diseases (Belko, tone concerns);
- mechanical or chemical damage;
- Congenital defects.
The operation is performed for no more than 30 minutes.During the procedure, the surgeon with a laser or special scalp removes a portion of the patient's cornea, and the implants of donor clothes instead.Seams can continue for up to one year, after which a special lens is selected to reduce the risk of infections.The recovery period is from 4 weeks, during which antibiotic is needed, but regular examinations are required for the entire following year.
In recent years, it was possible to significantly reduce the risk of rejecting donor clothes due to the use of special compositions during its processing and storage.
Laser coagulation of retina
Operational method of retinal tissue restoration.The effectiveness of the method is more than 70%, and already 24 hours after its implementation, you can return to the usual lifestyle.Observations from an ophthalmologist are needed within a year after the procedure.
Today, surgery is performed using a laser, which allows you to do without blood loss.The anesthesia is performed under the premises, the procedure time lasts no more than 20 minutes.
Before exposing to the laser, the points fall to expand the student, and then place a special protective lens, through which exposure occurs at low frequencies.Due to high temperatures, adhesion of damaged cells, as well as small blood vessels.
The coagulation procedure is required for any damage and pathology of the retina, as well as with the eyes and diseases of the vascular system of this organ.After surgery, inflammation and clouding is possible.For several years after the correction, it is impossible to get involved in heavy physical work and active sports.
liaison
An effective method for treating various cornea diseases.It is performed to strengthen the ligaments and other fibers in the corneal tissue, which is needed for keratoconus of varying degrees or degenerative processes, dystrophy.
The operation is performed under local anesthesia.First, a small portion of the cornea is cut with a special device, and vitamin B2 is inserted into the open area.Subsequent radiation allows you to compact fabrics by more than 200%.The first week after surgery, it is necessary to wear a protective contact lens, and for 6 months to be examined by a doctor.The effect of the procedure persists for 10 years, then repeated operation is required.
Complications are observed in rare cases.The patient may reduce vision, inflammation or clouding corneal can occur.
Treatment of glaucoma
Oculistic surgery for varying degrees of glaucoma is needed when medication therapy does not produce the necessary result.The operation is performed using a laser or surgical.
The laser method is considered the most successful.He is completely painless for the patient, and there are practically no complications.During the procedure, a hole with a beam through which the fluid is removed from the eye tissue to normalize the pressure.It is used to treat all types of glaucoma.
The manual surgical type of operation is less effective because there is a risk of post -procedure complications.As a rule, this is a deep sclerkectomy not -presenting.The purpose of the method is to reduce intraocular pressure by using a slight thinning of the corneal layer.
The effect after both types of operations has decreased over time.On average, after 5-7 years, a second operation is required.This period can be extended using the competent drug treatment.
conclusions
Today, in most modern ophthalmical clinics, a number of surgical procedures are performed for vision correction.These are accurate tech methods with which you can choose almost any eye defect.The choice of method depends on a number of factors - age, disease, individual characteristics of the patient's visual system structure.After surgery, the effect occurs almost immediately, and if all the doctor's prescriptions are observed, visual acuity can be stored for a long time.